BIOBUTANOL FROM ORGANIC WASTE AS SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL IN INDONESIA

BIOBUTANOL FROM ORGANIC WASTE 

AS SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL IN INDONESIA

Setyawati Prihatini*)

Jurusan Teknik Kimia Politeknik Negeri Samarinda

Jl. Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo, Kampus Gn. Lipan, Samarinda, 75131, Telp : (0541) 260588

SUMMARY

The world oil production is expected to fall to 20 billion barrels by 2050 (Sun and Cheng 2002). Availability of oil energy sources sparked the efforts to find alternative fuel sources that can be updated and can be obtained easily and friendly environment. One of the renewable energy is known so far and developed include bioethanol, biodiesel, biokerosene, and biobutanol. Biobutanol is one of the alternative energy sources being developed at this time to replace the role of petroleum. However, recently, the development has been done using raw materials some of which are food crops with high economic value such as: cassava, maize, and oil palm. Feedstock crops cannot be used because of its use will be competing with people's food needs. So that the raw materials of the type of non-food of choice for the development of Biofuel (BBN) second generation.  One of the non-food raw materials are organic urban waste containing lignocellulosic. Organic carbon content of the form of cellulose, hemicellulose and glucose in organic waste and the biodegradable nature is one of the options for organic waste to be used as raw material for a cheap alternative energy sources. Increasing the volume of domestic garbage waste is huge obstacles found on waste management, especially in large cities. Besides garbage is also a potential source of raw material availability is abundant, low-priced, not much utilized and contain simple sugars that can be converted to ethanol is lignosellulosa materials (Sun and Cheng, 2002).  This lignosellulosa materials including: waste-agricultural waste (grass, reed, rice husks, harvest residues, corn cob), poultry waste-waste (animal dung), waste-industrial waste (byproduct of fermentation industry, molasses, bagasse, wood pieces, and the remnants of food canning products), paper containers, paper and other containers. (Sun and Cheng, 2002).Samarinda city garbage which by MCP in April 2010 around 320 years / days thenthe  potential ofSamarinda city garbage can theoretically produce bioethanol size will be 5976.82 kL / year (Irawan and Arifin, 2010). Pformm, et al. (2010) stated that the yield of butanol fermentation results in the ABE (Acetone, Butanol, Ethanol) using the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, two times more than bioethanol. Theoretically, if the potential of Samarinda city garbage is processed into biobutanol, the size of 11952.64 kL / year.  Biobutanol or Butanol Fuel is the second generation alcohol fuel with a higher energy density and lower volatility than ethanol. Some advantages of biobutanol compared to other BBN (bioethanol), among others biobutanol energy content higher than 25% ethanol, ie 110 000 BTU per gallon, while gasoline contains about 115,000 BTU per gallon. In addition, biobutanol can replace up to 100% gasoline or as additives to 85%, can be additive in diesel fuel and lower biobutanol corrosive properties and can be used in gasoline-fueled engine or diesel. According to Ketut Sumada (2012) biobutanol from biomass production process in general is as follows: physical processing of biomass to be fiber (small size); hidrolisa process biomass to produce sugar (glucose) Detoxification (Ezeji, T., et al, 2007) that is the removal of impurities before inhibitor or fermentation of hydrolysates yield.  This detoxification process by adding Ca(OH)₂ in the sample hydrolyzate, Na₂SO₃ and HCl 2 M; Fermentation of sugar (glucose) using Clostridium acetobutylicum bacteria will produce three components, namely Butanol, Isopropanol, and Ethanol, and the last is the process of separation of the three components, can be done by operating the distillation separation of components based on differences in boiling point of each component, because the main components to be separated, there are three components, the distillation column is required two units of the distillation column. so that the resulting product will Biobutanol, ethanol and isopropanol. From the discussion above, the best alternative type of biofuel that can be a substitute or additive of gasoline is biobutanol. The raw materials used must be of non-food materials. Indonesia as the largest producer of rice with 3^rd rank and sugar cane 9^th world certainly has the potential availability of rice straw and bagasse are abundant. The next challenge is how to set up a second-generation biofuel industry such as biobutanol from non-food raw materials in Indonesia. Some countries that have been developing and producing biobutanol is Brazil, New York and the United States and some of the chemical industry giants such as DuPont, BP, Gevo has launched the construction of the plant butanol from the fermentation process or convert ethanol to butanol plant (Biobutanol, 2010).  From the results of these scientific papers are expected to be able to develop and lead to the idea that technology is effective and efficient, and can make use of municipal solid waste that is not worth a raw material for making biobutanol as a second generation biofuel and can reduce environmental pollution and maintain its sustainability for future generations.

Keywords: Clostridium acetobutylicum Bactery, Biobutanol, Detoxification, Lignocellulose.